直苦于python蹩腳的IDE，最近尋覓到一個非常優(yōu)秀的python交互式解釋器ipython， 再此總結(jié)下實際中常用到的方法：

特別說明下：本人為windows環(huán)境，所有命令都是相對windows的

自動補全

使用tab可以直接對已打出的對象或變量進行補全

魔術(shù)關(guān)鍵字

魔術(shù)關(guān)鍵字以%開頭，如果automagic打開了，則不用輸入%,否則需要，使用automagic可以切換狀態(tài)

可以使用%magic參看所有魔術(shù)方法

env 顯示環(huán)境變量

ed或edit 編輯一個文件并執(zhí)行

ed -x filename 編輯文件不執(zhí)行

edit 3:10 編輯3:10行的指令并執(zhí)行

hist 顯示歷史紀錄，可以用-n增加行號

hist 3:10 顯示3-10行的歷史紀錄

bg function 把function函數(shù)放到后臺執(zhí)行

pwd 當(dāng)前目錄

pycat filename 語法高亮顯示一個文件

macro name 1:10 把1:10行的代碼設(shè)為name宏

save filename 1:10 把1:10行代碼保存到文件中

time statement 計算一段代碼執(zhí)行時間

timeit statement 自動選擇重復(fù)和循環(huán)次數(shù)計算一段代碼執(zhí)行時間

run filename 執(zhí)行一個文件，如果希望防止執(zhí)行的，需要增加if name==“main“:

autoindent 如果啟用，粘貼的時候會自動縮進代碼

reset 重置所有變量

Bash命令

cls 清除屏幕

colors

IPython -- An enhanced Interactive Python - Quick Reference Card================================================================obj?, obj?? : Get help, or more help for object (also works as ?obj, ??obj).
?foo.*abc* : List names in 'foo' containing 'abc' in them.
%magic : Information about IPython's 'magic' % functions.
Magic functions are prefixed by % or %%, and typically take their arguments
without parentheses, quotes or even commas for convenience. Line magics take a
single % and cell magics are prefixed with two %%.
Example magic function calls:
%alias d ls -F : 'd' is now an alias for 'ls -F'
alias d ls -F : Works if 'alias' not a python name
alist=%alias : Get list of aliases to 'alist'
cd /usr/share : Obvious. cd -<tab> to choose from visited dirs.
%cd?? : See help AND source for magic %cd
%timeit x=10 : time the 'x=10' statement with high precision.
%%timeit x=2**100
x**100 : time 'x*100' with a setup of 'x=2**100'; setup code is not
 counted. This is an example of a cell magic.
System commands:
!cp a.txt b/ : System command escape, calls os.system()
cp a.txt b/ : after %rehashx, most system commands work without !
cp ${f}.txt $bar : Variable expansion in magics and system commands
files=!ls /usr : Capture sytem command output
files.s, files.l, files.n: "a b c", ['a','b','c'], 'a\nb\nc'
History:
_i, _ii, _iii : Previous, next previous, next next previous input
_i4, _ih[2:5] : Input history line 4, lines 2-4
exec _i81 : Execute input history line #81 again
%rep 81 : Edit input history line #81
_, __, ___ : previous, next previous, next next previous output
_dh : Directory history
_oh : Output history
%hist : Command history. '%hist -g foo' search history for 'foo'
Autocall:
f 1,2 : f(1,2) # Off by default, enable with %autocall magic.
/f 1,2 : f(1,2) (forced autoparen)
,f 1 2 : f("1","2")
;f 1 2 : f("1 2")
Remember: TAB completion works in many contexts, not just file names
or python names.
The following magic functions are currently available:
%alias:
 Define an alias for a system command.
%alias_magic:
 %alias_magic [-l] [-c] name target
%autocall:
 Make functions callable without having to type parentheses.
 #
%automagic:
 Make magic functions callable without having to type the initial %.
 #使用%automagic on(off)打開(關(guān)閉)automagic，打開后使用魔術(shù)方法不需要加%
%autosave:
 Set the autosave interval in the notebook (in seconds).
%bookmark:
 Manage IPython's bookmark system.
%cd:
 #切換目錄
 Change the current working directory.
%clear:
 #清除終端
 Clear the terminal.
%cls:
 Clear the terminal.
%colors:
 Switch color scheme for prompts, info system and exception handlers.
 Currently implemented schemes: NoColor, Linux, LightBG.
 Color scheme names are not case-sensitive.
%config:
 configure IPython
%connect_info:
 Print information for connecting other clients to this kernel
%debug:
 %debug [--breakpoint FILE:LINE] [statement [statement ...]]
%dhist:
 Print your history of visited directories.
%dirs:
 #返回當(dāng)前目錄
 Return the current directory stack.
%doctest_mode:
 Toggle doctest mode on and off.
%ed:
 #打開文本編輯器
 Alias for `%edit`.
%edit:
 Bring up an editor and execute the resulting code.
%env:
 #羅列環(huán)境變量
 List environment variables.
%gui:
 Enable or disable IPython GUI event loop integration.
%guiref:
 Show a basic reference about the GUI Console.
%hist:
 Alias for `%history`.
%history:
 %history [-n] [-o] [-p] [-t] [-f FILENAME] [-g [PATTERN [PATTERN ...]]]
%install_default_config:
 %install_default_config has been deprecated.
%install_ext:
 Download and install an extension from a URL, e.g.::
%install_profiles:
 %install_profiles has been deprecated.
%killbgscripts:
 Kill all BG processes started by %%script and its family.
%less:
 Show a file through the pager.
%load:
 #載入指定python文件的當(dāng)前源碼
 Load code into the current frontend.
%load_ext:
 Load an IPython extension by its module name.
%loadpy:
 Alias of `%load`
%logoff:
 Temporarily stop logging.
%logon:
 Restart logging.
%logstart:
 Start logging anywhere in a session.
%logstate:
 Print the status of the logging system.
%logstop:
 Fully stop logging and close log file.
%lsmagic:
 List currently available magic functions.
%macro:
 Define a macro for future re-execution. It accepts ranges of history,
%magic:
 Print information about the magic function system.
%matplotlib:
 %matplotlib [gui]
%more:
 Show a file through the pager.
%notebook:
 %notebook [-e] [-f FORMAT] filename
%page:
 Pretty print the object and display it through a pager.
%pastebin:
 Upload code to Github's Gist paste bin, returning the URL.
%pdb:
 Control the automatic calling of the pdb interactive debugger.
%pdef:
 Print the call signature for any callable object.
%pdoc:
 Print the docstring for an object.
%pfile:
 Print (or run through pager) the file where an object is defined.
%pinfo:
 Provide detailed information about an object.
%pinfo2:
 Provide extra detailed information about an object.
%popd:
 Change to directory popped off the top of the stack.
%pprint:
 Toggle pretty printing on/off.
%precision:
 Set floating point precision for pretty printing.
%profile:
 Print your currently active IPython profile.
%prun:
 Run a statement through the python code profiler.
%psearch:
 Search for object in namespaces by wildcard.
%psource:
 Print (or run through pager) the source code for an object.
%pushd:
 Place the current dir on stack and change directory.
%pwd:
 Return the current working directory path.
%pycat:
 Show a syntax-highlighted file through a pager.
%pylab:
 %pylab [--no-import-all] [gui]
%qtconsole:
 Open a qtconsole connected to this kernel.
%quickref:
 Show a quick reference sheet 
%recall:
 Repeat a command, or get command to input line for editing.
%rehashx:
 Update the alias table with all executable files in $PATH.
%reload_ext:
 Reload an IPython extension by its module name.
%rep:
 Alias for `%recall`.
%rerun:
 Re-run previous input
%reset:
 Resets the namespace by removing all names defined by the user, if
%reset_selective:
 Resets the namespace by removing names defined by the user.
%run:
 Run the named file inside IPython as a program.
%save:
 Save a set of lines or a macro to a given filename.
%sc:
 Shell capture - run shell command and capture output (DEPRECATED use !).
%store:
 Lightweight persistence for python variables.
%sx:
 Shell execute - run shell command and capture output (!! is short-hand).
%system:
 Shell execute - run shell command and capture output (!! is short-hand).
%tb:
 Print the last traceback with the currently active exception mode.
%time:
 #一個python表達式的執(zhí)行時間
 Time execution of a Python statement or expression.
%timeit:
 Time execution of a Python statement or expression
%unalias:
 Remove an alias
%unload_ext:
 Unload an IPython extension by its module name.
%who:
 Print all interactive variables, with some minimal formatting.
%who_ls:
 Return a sorted list of all interactive variables.
%whos:
 Like %who, but gives some extra information about each variable.
%xdel:
 Delete a variable, trying to clear it from anywhere that
%xmode:
 Switch modes for the exception handlers.
%%!:
 Shell execute - run shell command and capture output (!! is short-hand).
%%HTML:
 Alias for `%%html`.
%%SVG:
 Alias for `%%svg`.
%%bash:
 %%bash script magic
%%capture:
 %capture [--no-stderr] [--no-stdout] [output]
%%cmd:
 %%cmd script magic
%%debug:
 %debug [--breakpoint FILE:LINE] [statement [statement ...]]
%%file:
 Alias for `%%writefile`.
%%html:
 Render the cell as a block of HTML
%%javascript：
 Run the cell block of Javascript code
%%latex:
 Render the cell as a block of latex
%%perl:
 %%perl script magic
%%powershell:
 %%powershell script magic
%%prun:
 Run a statement through the python code profiler.
%%pypy:
 %%pypy script magic
%%python:
 %%python script magic
%%python3:
 %%python3 script magic
%%ruby:
 %%ruby script magic
%%script:
 %shebang [--proc PROC] [--bg] [--err ERR] [--out OUT]
%%sh:
 %%sh script magic
%%svg:
 Render the cell as an SVG literal
%%sx:
 Shell execute - run shell command and capture output (!! is short-hand).
%%system:
 Shell execute - run shell command and capture output (!! is short-hand).
%%time:
 Time execution of a Python statement or expression.
%%timeit:
 Time execution of a Python statement or expression
%%writefile:
 %writefile [-a] filename
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使用!做前綴可以執(zhí)行shell命令，還可以用$來轉(zhuǎn)換python變量，如下

for i in range(10):

s=“dir%s” % i

!mkdir $s

for i in !ls:

print i

特別的，如果普通的shell命令有的話，必須使用

的話，必須使用對原來的進行轉(zhuǎn)義，如果原來是echo

進行轉(zhuǎn)義，如果原來是echoPATH，需要使用shell時候，需要寫成!echo $$PATH

打印對象屬性

使用dir可以將對象屬性打印出來，如

import os

dir(os)

SP基本規(guī)范

1. 頁面構(gòu)成

JSP頁面頁面包含了模板元素和JSP元素，JSP元素由JSP引擎直接處理，必須符合JSP語法。JSP元素包括 的內(nèi)容：

（1）腳本元素：聲明、腳本段、表達式。

（2） 注釋：HTML注釋、Java注釋、JSP隱藏注釋。

（3）指令元素：paga、include、taglib等。

（4） 動作元素：jsp:include、jsp:forward等。

在傳統(tǒng)的HTML頁面中加入Java程序片段就是和JSP標(biāo)簽就構(gòu)成了一個JSP頁面，其中Java程序片段由"<%"和"%>"作為開始和結(jié)束標(biāo)記。JSP腳本段內(nèi)定義的變量只在當(dāng)前頁面內(nèi)有效，屬于頁面內(nèi)的局部變量。

下面用一個例子說明：

在eclipse for JavaEE開發(fā)環(huán)境中新建一個項目，在webContent目錄上右擊，選擇JSP File，輸入文件名，創(chuàng)建一個JSP頁面

在頁面中輸入下面的代碼

<%@ page language="java" contentType="text/html; charset=UTF-8"

pageEncoding="UTF-8"%>

<%@ page import="java.util.*" %>

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">

<html>

<head>

<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">

<title>Insert title here</title>

</head>

<body>

<%

String name="王后";

if(Calendar.getInstance().get(Calendar.AM_PM)==Calendar.AM) {

out.println(name+",上午好！");

}

else {

out.println(name+",下午好！");

}

int i=0;

out.println("<br/>i的值為"+i);

out.println("<br/>下面修改局部變量i的值");

i++;

out.println("<br/>修改好i的值為"+i);

%>

</body>

</html>

然后，在頁面上右擊選擇 Run AsRun on Server，可以在瀏覽器中看到運行效果

2. 聲明

在JSP頁面中，聲明是一段Java代碼，它用來定義JSP文件轉(zhuǎn)換后的Servlet文件中類的屬性和方法。聲明的屬性和方法在當(dāng)前JSP頁面的任何地方都可以使用，僅限當(dāng)前頁面。聲明的語法格式如下：

<% !聲明1；聲明2；……%>

下面的例子聲明一個方法visitor()，代碼如下：

<%@ page language="java" contentType="text/html; charset=UTF-8"

pageEncoding="UTF-8"%>

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">

<html>

<head>

<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">

<title>聲明的使用</title>

</head>

<body>

<%! long i=0; %>

<%! String name="紅桃"; %>

<%! public String visitor(String who) {

return "你好,"+who+"!";

}

%>

<h2>

<%

i++;

out.println(visitor(name));

out.println("<br/>");

out.print("你是本站第"+i+"為訪客");

%>

</h2>

</body>

</html>

用同樣的方法運行，運行結(jié)果如下：

由于聲明定義的變量i是頁面內(nèi)的全局變量，當(dāng)多次請求該JSP頁面時，i的值會被改變。當(dāng)我們刷新頁面幾次后

3. 表達式

表達式以<%=開始，%>結(jié)束，中間為一個合法的Java表達式。表達在JSP頁面被請求時計算，結(jié)果轉(zhuǎn)換為String類型字符串與其他模板數(shù)據(jù)淄河在一起。語法格式如下：

<%=符合Java語法的表達式（結(jié)尾不帶分號）%>

表達式開始符號<%=之間不能有任何空格。

示例代碼如下：

<%@ page language="java" contentType="text/html; charset=UTF-8"

pageEncoding="UTF-8"%>

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">

<html>

<head>

<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">

<title>Insert title here</title>

</head>

<body>

<%! long i=0;

String name="紅桃";

%>

<%! public String visitor(String who) {

return "你好,"+who+"!";

}

%>

<h2>

<%

i++;

%>

<%=visitor(name) %><br/>//表達式使用

你是本站第<%=i %>位訪客。//表達式使用

</h2>

</body>

</html>

執(zhí)行結(jié)果如下：

第一部分先介紹到這里。